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Noise comes from a couple of sources. Reflected light streams into the lens and falls on the sensor, which is covered in millions of photosites — or pixels — that convert the variable levels of the light waves into digital signals. These small variances in current are what create images in modern sensors.
In the most common sensor for film production these days, the CMOS, attached to each photosite is an amplifier that adjusts the output of each pixel by cutting or boosting voltage, making the image darker or brighter, respectively. The user can do this by adjusting the gain or ISO. The data from the sensor gets read and the pixel charge resets. Once the sensor information gets read, the data passes through a 12-bit analog-to-digital converter (frequently shortened to ADC or A/D) where the variance in voltage to each pixel gets converted to a binary value. Additionally, pixel location and other user-defined camera settings get saved as metadata in the camera storage device. The majority of noise comes from the sensor or analog-to-digital conversion. What Is Image Noise?Put simply, image noise is undesired fluctuations of color or luminance that obscure detail in the shot you were trying to capture. Image noise arises primarily in underexposed footage as pixels have little light fluctuation to report in the intended image but are being over-amplified by boosted ISO values. Beyond exposure, sensors are also susceptible to a range of other issues that create noise in the final image. The heat of the sensor or other outside interference can also cause noise.
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