K6CCC
Second Officer
Flight distance : 651683 ft
United States
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Here is the explanation I got when I went through ground school when I was getting my pilots license. When there is moisture in the air that cools to slightly below freezing, if the air is very stable, the moisture does not freeze right away (I'm not going to get into the half hour discussion about why not). However, if that air is disturbed, the moisture will freeze almost instantly. Flying your airplane through that air the does a great job of disturbing that air which results in the moisture freezing almost instantly - and some of that will stick to parts of the airplane. In the case of a fixed wing airplane, the leading edges of the wings is one of the most troublesome. There are two major issues with building up ice. One is weight, and the other is that great job of engineering that the aircraft manufacturer went to in order to make the shape of the wing work well just went to hell when a rough, uneven layer of ice forms on the wing. So what you end up with is an airplane that weighs more (can be quite a bit more), with wings that are not producing as much lift as they should - not a good combination! That combination has caused many an airplane to crash. i personally have experienced significant ice buildup only once in a Cessna 172 and it was scary. Fortunately I flew out of the clouds shortly thereafter so the ice accumulation stopped. However I was still carrying the ice for the next couple hundred miles, and the ice reduced my cruising speed by almost 30 knots.
Propellers also do a great job of disturbing the air. However due to centrifugal force, most ice that forms very far out from the center of the prop will be shed. Many prop driven airplanes have electric heaters on the leading edges of the props. They generally only cover about the inner third of the prop. This photo shamelessly used from a prop manufacturer website shows the heaters (the black band on the leading edges of the prop blades).
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